How should nurses approach withholding versus withdrawing life-sustaining treatment?

• A. Both are ethically permissible when aligned with patient goals, surrogate decisions, and standard care; require thorough discussion and documentation.
• B. Withholding is permissible but withdrawing is not.
• C. Withdrawing is permissible but withholding is not.
• D. Neither is permissible; always pursue full treatment.

Answer: (A)